Wednesday, December 25, 2019

Nc Bar Exam Essay Topics Features

Nc Bar Exam Essay Topics Features It can provide you a notion of what questions may be asked and which areas to concentrate on when you're studying. There's no need to obtain several books and guides that are quite costly. There's no need to take care of everything equally once you study for the essay part of the bar exam. Be ready to laugh or cry. High school isn't free in Kenya. Therefore, you must select any university in which offers you a chance to learn although you'll be nevertheless working. Obviously, other jurisdiction particular requirements have to be met too. As of this moment, there's no indication on what format that local component is going to have. It's testing us on a huge quantity of material. Produce mnemonics for all of the rules with various elements. By the time the demand of private support worker was increased. The additional price tag of the bodily materials cover the price of producing and shipping them. You will feel overwhelmed as you'll co nstantly be forgetting what you've already read it's ok, during the previous 23 weeks you'll be reviewing everything and will observe that you truly bear in mind a good deal. Not only does this make you study more, but additionally, it makes you review everything you're not 100% sure about. Terrific rating and superior reviews should tell you whatever you will need to understand about this excellent writing service. The internet questions can be retrieved by means of a web browser anywhere an online connection is available. Our nationally renowned bar review course has a number of features we'd love to have a moment to brag about. Keep in mind, in addition, there are discounts available when purchasing all 3 e-books and free shipping when purchasing all three text books. Flavanols are again the ingredient that's accountable for these advantages and dark chocolate is full of flavanols. Instead, all of the stuff can be found on the web, and you can acquire it in just one click. One of the greatest ways to get ready for the bar is to study old bar exams. Click the picture to allow it to be bigger! Up in Arms About Nc Bar Exam Essay Topics? If you know what things to expect, you're not as likely to panic and go blank during the exam. You won't ever feel more prepared for the essay part of the exam. Right before the exam you will truly feel that just 2 more weeks of additional study would help you save you so begin studying as early as you are able to! Review the previous questions and answers as part of your bar exam preparation. The Essay Master Course offers the best tools available to aid students PASS the essay part of the North Carolina Bar Exam. The Uniform Bar Exam isn't a new notion. The California bar exam isn't an exception. Be sure the particular courses are going to be in collection together with your job aims. You should furthermore take time to research your courses so you'll have the ability to pick your a single which will provide someone together with sufficient education. Traditionally, on account of the overall difficulty of state bar exams, most law school graduates had chosen to take some type of external bar preparation training course. Every student states that I'd like to know CNA classes near me. Ideas, Formulas and Shortcuts for Nc Bar Exam Essay Topics Chemistry is a subject which, basically, supplies you with useful information concerning the different substances or varieties of materials which compose the physical world around us and the way in which they behave or react with one another. PaperCoach can assist you with all your papers, so take a look at the moment! Be certain you have adequate materials to help you get ready for the MBE subjects. Your score is dependent upon the degree of questions you receive in the test paper. Please be aware that selected answers are unavailable for all questions below. You may also contact us with your questions and among the staff will aid you.

Tuesday, December 17, 2019

Edgar Allan Poe and the Horror Story Essay - 1401 Words

â€Å"’Villains!’ I shrieked, ‘dissemble no more! I admit the deed! –tear up the planks! here, here! - It is the beating of his hideous heart!’†(Poe). Edgar Allan Poe, a brilliant writer and poet, is well known for his creation of the horror short story and mystery novel. He has written suspenseful short-stories such as â€Å"The Raven† and â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† where in both stories it has the reader on edge till the very end. For example, â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† is about the main character taking care of an older man and begins to despise the old man’s bad eye. In the end the main character kills the old man and places his body under the floor boards and ends up turning himself in due to his own insanity and hallucinations. So to understand how Poe†¦show more content†¦Once Edgar Allan Poe was born it sparked a financial crisis for the family. He was also the second of three children; Henry who as well became a poet before his early death, and Rosalie who grew up to teach penmanship at a Richmonds girl school (Beebe and Inge). The children were cared for mainly by the paternal grandparents and occasionally friends. David -in July 1811- ended up leaving the family and never being heard from again; many believe it was because of too much pride and being so poor upset him (Meyers 5). A year later, Eliza became very ill with tuberculosis and ended up passing away. (Poe was only three at the time.) Poe then was sent to live with the John Allan and his wife Francis Allan while his siblings went to live with other families. John was a very wealthy tobacco merchant and he and his wife did not have any children. He also pushed Poe to become a business man but he just wanted to become a poet like his idol; British poet, Lord Byron (Beebe and Inge). By thirteen Poe had written enough poetry to publish a book but his headmaster advised Allan to not publish any of it. Allan also put him into special dame schools where Poe was very pleasant in school. â€Å"One of his Richmond teachers, Joseph H. Clarke, an excellent scholar, spoke of his tender and sensitive heart. He was a boy who would do anything to serve a friend; his nature wasShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Edgar Allan Poe s The Raven And The Fall Of The House Of Usher 896 Words   |  4 PagesEdgar Allan Poe is an extremely well known American writer and is famous for his horrific and mysterious works such as, â€Å"The Raven† and â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher.† Poe was born in 1809 in Boston, Massachusetts in an era that seems to have many dark and ominous writers and pieces of literature originating from that time period. Poe is said to have launched the interest in many of the detective type stories that we read from modern day writers. â€Å"In the early 1800s, romanticism was the dominantRead MoreInfluence That Endures Ever More: Edgar Allan Poe908 Words   |  4 PagesInfluence That Endures Ever More: Edgar Allan Poe Edgar Allan Poe once said, â€Å"Words have no power to impress the mind without the exquisite horror of their reality.† Edgar Allan Poe was one of the most influential people in literary history and his words had the great power to impress the mind. More than 150 years after the death of Edgar Allan Poe, his writings are still influencing and inspiring writers today. Edgar Allan Poe was one of the a greatest literary influences of the 19th century andRead MoreAn Analysis Of Edgar Allan Poe s The Black Cat 1650 Words   |  7 PagesBrittany White Mrs. Bey English 1101 1 April 2015 A Day in the Life Edgar Allan Poe is a very talked about writer. He has a dark, mysterious, gothic writing style. Poe was a troubled man that struggled in a lot of different areas in his life. It is believed that all of Edgar Allan Poe’s short stories were connected to his tragic life events. â€Å"The Black Cat† is one of Edgar’s well-known short stories. It is about a man that endured a series of tragic events. This man was very feminine and his lackRead MoreLiterary Critics Of Edgar Allan Poe1693 Words   |  7 PagesEdgar Allan Poe is credited to be one of the best writers, editors, and literary critics of all time. His poetry and short stories are what majority of people recognize him for. His long and intriguing stories about mystery and the macabre are just some examples of his classic writings. At first, Edgar Allan Poe was referred to as the inventor of the modern detective story and a specialist in the science fiction genre. It was not until later in his life that peop le began to acknowledge him as oneRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe s The Dark Poems That He Is Famous For?1423 Words   |  6 PagesEdgar Allan Poe Why did Poe write the dark poems that he is famous for? Almost every student has read either one or many of Edgar Allan Poe’s work. Poe is one of the best and most famous writers in American Literature. Professor Gene Doty of Missouri University of Science and Technology explains, â€Å"The meaning which the text has for the reader emerges from the interaction of the reader’s world with the world of the text† (Doty). Anything written is a context that includes the â€Å"writer’s feelings,Read MoreThe Dark Side of Writing: Edagar Allan Poe and Stephen King Essay1478 Words   |  6 PagesEdgar Allan Poe and Stephen King are famous for their works in horror. Who are these authors and why do they write these horrifying tales? Edgar Allan Poe’s life and literary works are more ominous than Stephen King’s life and literary work. Edgar Allan Poe had a morose story of his life. His life started out with his parents dying when Poe was only three years old. He was adopted by a wealthy tobacco merchant, John Allan and his wife, Frances Valentine Allan. John Allan raised Edgar Allan Poe toRead MoreEdgar Allan Poes Impact on American Literature1379 Words   |  6 PagesEdgar Allan Poe is one of the most influential writers of the horror genre in American history. His horror stories have impacted numerous authors and their stories over the years. Various people have tried to copy his way of writing style, but they have failed to achieve the success he did. Even though Poe is no longer living, his impact on American literature can still be felt today. Edgar Allan Poe was born in Boston, Massachusetts on January 19, 1809. Even though Edgar Allan Poe did not growRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe And The Cask Of Amontillado1384 Words   |  6 PagesWhat makes Edgar Allan Poe work unique? Other than being a strange individual, Poe has become a remarkable literature writer. The Raven, Annabel Lee, and The Cask of Amontillado are just a few of Poe’s work that staples the theme of gothic literature. This essay will allow you to see the gothic elements Edgar Allan Poe uses through his most common poems. Gothic literature has many elements which play into its definition. The actual definition is a style of writing that is characterized by elementsRead MoreEdgar Allen Poe and His Work Essay1480 Words   |  6 PagesEdgar Allen Poe and His Work Outline I. Introductory Paragraph I.1. Thesis statement I.2. High points II. First Paragraph II.1. Brief history of life III. Second Paragraph III.1. Edgars Writing Style III.2. Examples IV. Specific poems and short stories IV.1. Examples V. Conclusion Paragraph V.1. Restating thesis statement V.2. Restating high points of the paper Edgar Allen Poe was one of the great writers of this world. He created several poems and short stories of aRead MoreThe Life of Edgar Allan Poe1279 Words   |  6 PagesDream: The Life of Edgar Allan Poe As short fiction has become a more accepted genre in literary circles, Edgar Allan Poe’s stories become more popular. He’s story passed on and on, and he now consider to be the father of the short story by many. His stories were strong and powerful, one called them mystery. Not only his story, but also his life. Edgar Allan Poe was a famous detective story, science fiction, horror fiction, symbolism story and aestheticism story author in America

Monday, December 9, 2019

Australian Smartphone Industry Analysis †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Australian Smartphone Industry Analysis? Answer: Introduction Australia is a country surrounded by islands and ranked the sixth largest country worldwide. It is a rich country sourcing its wealth from various industries like mining, manufacturing plants of both communication and transport industry, agricultural produce processing, urban and rural sector, health, banking and finance and so forth (Francis, 2015). It can be mistakably judged that the countrys growth rate relatively matches its size but comparatively economic analysis proves otherwise that the GDP per capita is steadily hitting the peak of the mountain consequently poverty rates are at the low rate (Gorecki, 2010). The driving force of these advancements is due to improvements in the technology department for instance in communication top Smartphone companies like Apple, Samsung, HTC, Oppo, Vivo and other brands have been trying tirelessly to outrun the other from the market. This paper will provide a general critique of the Smartphone market in Australia as well as provide a brief discussion on the same. Discussion on Smart Phone Industry in Australia According to Gorecki 2010, Samsung and apple are battling a close range clash sale in the Australian market. Apple is still peoples favorite but consumers are also taking change stubbornly to android devices like Samsung. Upgrading from their previous phones may also be determined by the cost of the new gadgets to competitive comparative smart phones that are inexpensive especially the Chinese brands (Clark, 2000). The yarn of getting better products compared to their current one is a notable fact and understanding that both brands need to keep in mind. Samsung is leading profitably though not with a huge margin but still thats making it stand out. Its variety sleek features is also driving it to notice ability by its faithful customers and also new clients that and positively adhering to change. Samsungs compatibility to any other android phones makes transfer of information from one phone to another easy (Smith, 2016). Therefore iPhone users have to do away items like chargers, earphones, cases, apps and other accessories that are incompatible and however take along the few transferable ones but it will be a hustle of various procedures. However this makes android a more preferable peoples choice (Baldwin, 2000). They are easy to use comparative to iPhone that always come up with hidden icons in apps therefore taking long time to get absolutely conversant with it.Even though android are easy application familiarity experience one has to take note that they use open software systems thus making it exposed to cyber insecurities and viruses(Yoshikawa, 2011). In order to curb this menace immediately one acquires an android phone or iPod its best to download an antivirus application to frequently scan the device of any threats. Androids have a time conscience capability every time whether during charging or at locked screen unlike I phones. Making they even better are the inbuilt sensors when the phone is engaged at any motion (Spoonauer, 2017). In addition android have unlimited and free storage space thereby making management of files pocket friendly and good organizational skills of applications. In addition Samsung is one company that is systematic at its motives and comes up with a strategy to go around this (Miller, 2017). Expansion of operations and competitiveness this android company heavily invests in machinery, tools, labor and technology thus doing what other companies can hardly risk involve doing (Grobart, 2013). Unlike other brands, Samsung values quality over quantity to spearhead this it concentrates on quality control and management and also the working conditions of all its employees. The value Samsung has over it employees is so admirable. Each factory station works under a musical sooth specifically chosen by psychologists it is believed that it helps reduces stress levels and increase performance (Thomas, 2012). Work overall is also personally chosen according to preferences. Employees also enjoy the rejuvenating facilities offered to them such as fitness centers, sleeping dormitory, libraries, and coffee joints. With all these at their disposal high level of competence and efficiency to perform is required of them. Consequently, employees are also given a platform to voice out ideas and suggestions that bring about cost and time saving they are then rewarded with bonuses for this (Smith, 2016). Samsung deals with failure fast and personally if a manufacturing fault is detected it would not mind to them how many have already been made with the faults or area for distribution to they would immediately be destroyed and replaced. The Smartphone Mobile Industry Usage Data Both I-phone and android companies are taking a different approach of testing their markets and determining its flexibility (Grobart, 2013). Apple is taking a few uniquely designed approach whereas Samsung is doing it all manufacturing phones that are same but slightly different in the outside appearance and internal capabilities. Samsung makes this fast production of different device possible by studying their market and filling gaps experienced by the customers from previous devices and their future expectations (Clark, 2000). The one thing that Samsung has failed to outsmart its major competitor apple is the control of software which run on iOS in tablets and smart phones. IOS is an incorporation of both software and hardware systems and devices to work together. This high quality standard of systems has challenged Samsung to establishing a software development center which processes memory chips and cameras for both their products and others sold to other firms. But its frustrati ng to have a company that does not meet the apples software standards. Manufacturer 2016 units 2016 market share 2015 units 2015 market share Samsung 306,446 20.5% 320,219.00 22.5% Apple 216,064 14.4% 225850.00 15.9% It can be observed that android captured an 80% in 2016 and an estimating 77% in the previous year with a growth rate of 3.2%.The entry of more devices is set to increase competition in the markets (Baldwin, 2000). The quarter system of market analysis indicates that apple returned to its no 1 slot not only as a top Australian Smartphone vendor but also a global brand. The only discouraging facts are that the difference in margins are pretty narrow and can easily be overthrown by competitive brands. According to The Sydney Morning Herald by Hannah Francis 2015,android phones are breaking grounds in Australia with more than half percent of sales and its rival apple having a fall back of 41% and the resulting 5% constituted sales generated windows phone (Spoonauer, 2017). Nevertheless, these analyses do not dispute the fact apple still remains to be a suitable clientele choice and with this its still hopeful to attain its top rank over android. IPhone has released some of its new brands with a hope of getting back its glory but this only lasts a short while thus only means that these moves are just dubious and even better strategies need to be implemented by apple (Dixon, 2010). They have even considered taking note of price decrement on their phones in order to equivalent its competition with android. Conclusion Conclusively, with the head to head contest of launching new phones one after the other, Apple took the initiative to the release high-end quality smart phones that emerged successful and dominant in the market. However, it had to launch many promotional marketing strategies to be able to take a majority of sales in local markets of Australia. Apparently, the previous market dominance of iPhone was attributed to lack of competitive brands and unique apps stores such as i-tunes; but this is clearly not the case now. Consequently, the android application smart phones in Australian marketing took to reveal its next target in wearables challenging the apples smart watch. References Baldwin, C Clark, B. (2000). Design Rules. The Mit Press: New York. Dixon, P. Gorecki, J. (2010). Sustainability: how Smart Innovation and agile companies will help Protects our future. Prentice Hall: London Hannah, F. (2015). Apples iPhone loses top sport to android in Australia. The Sydney Morning Herald: Australia. Mark, S. (2017). 10 reasons iPhone beats android. The Toms Guide: New Jersey Paul, S. (2016). Apple and Samsung battle intensifies as Australian Smartphone sales slow. The Financial Review: Melbourne Australia. Sam, G. (2013). How Samsung become the worlds no 1 Smartphone maker. Bloomberg: New Jersey Pham, D Thomas, J. (2012). A framework for sustainability journal of manufacturing technology management. Prentice Hall: New York Yoshikawa, R. (2011). Why can Samsung make decisions most quickly? Broken: Kodakawa Publishing

Sunday, December 1, 2019

The Tide Experience Essay Example

The Tide Experience Essay However, Tide started to dealing with one problem in 2006, across several Balkan Mounties (principally Romania and Serbia), when the company initiated to drastically lose market share to competitive offerings. This means that Tide was dealing with a significant decline of volume shipments and a share loss of 2,5% between the fiscal years of 2004/05 and 2005/06. This loss of market share was assigned to the aggressive increase of the economy detergent segment. This imply that Tide was facing strong competition and losing share to low priced brands in the economy detergent segment. In this moment, Tide was interested in satisfying two crucial and ajar goals: Reversing Tides loss of market share and declining volumes sales, thereby reinforcing Tides strong market position in Serbia and Romania. Increasing unaided brand awareness and therefore increasing Tides brand recognition within Serbia and Romania. Therefore, Tide was dealing a challenge, convincing consumers to spend more and charge Tide instead of the other lower-priced detergents. To solve the problem, Tide decided to use a strong emotional appeal to win back the consumers heart, in an attempt to build brand affinity, Justify the high price and invoice consumers to choose Tide instead of the competitors product. First, the company needs to know and learn about Tides broad market segment, which largely consisted of mothers (with middle incomes and children under the age of 18 years). We will write a custom essay sample on The Tide Experience specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Tide Experience specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Tide Experience specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Then Tide discovered an emotional gap to exist between mother and child, which was, while mothers go to great lengths to fulfill their creating duties for their families, they feel lack of appreciation from their children more specifically, the children rarely expressed thankfulness and almost certainly took their mothers for ranted. In other words, the mothers want to do everything for the children, realize their desires, but they also want to be recognized for their work and seen as Supermen for their children. So, Tide launched the Supermen campaign, in which the major focus was on My mum is super advertising, destined to let the mothers know that children recognize and appreciate their hard work when they wash with Tide. Tide launched the Supermen campaign for 5 consecutive months in Serbia and Romania and they spent between Ð ²?10 million and Ð ²? 20 million. The medium used n the Supermen campaign was mainly focus on TV , 99%, and the print media and public relations were used as secondary media because was estimated that the average Balkan consumer watched TV for four to five hours on a daily basis. These commercial were broadcast between family viewing times and family programs, always being aired during the same program break. Tide created two advertisements that featured the same story, aired from two different perspectives, which are, the babys point of view followed by the mothers stance. To create a strongly emotional appeal, the company focused on targeting the consumers motherly side, using a cute pre-verbal baby with innocent expressions in its advertising. First, 30 ad copy has been created focusing on the babys perspective principally to create an emotional bond with the viewer and a 15 ad copy has been attributed to the mothers view and destined to reassure the viewer of Tides cleanliness from an expert Super Mums point of view. Tide made also special events consisted of childrens contests, which a drawing contest has been organized under the theme My Mum is super. The raring contest influenced and created a larger awareness of further public relations and outdoor media. The results of the campaign were successful, Tides volume index enjoying an increase of over 60% and Tide was able to regain lost consumers and once again dominate the Balkan market. Therefore, responding to changes in the external environment is crucial for brand survival as Tide successfully proved. The company implemented one marketing strategy that provided them a unique connection with their target audience and they aimed for a strong emotional connection in a seemingly functional segment, as opposed to competitors. Questions about the case study Why did the use of an emotional appeal in advertising win back Tides consumers? What does this say about consumer rationality in decision-making? The use of an emotional appeal in advertising win back Tides consumers because Tides broad market segment are the mothers and all they would like their efforts were recognized, would like their children think they are super mothers. Therefore, as this was a need for them, they identified themselves with the product and purchase. This need of them was self-realization with the children. Women are usually more emotionally in the decisions they made than the men are and the decision of buy Tads product was also based one the emotional. Probably this commercial would not be so effective for the consumer rationality in decision making because they will probably think also about the functionality of the product and the price. If Tides target consumer was male, how do you think Tides campaign would have been executed? Would it be directed by an emotional or functional appeal? Why? The campaign should be directed by functional appeal, because men are more rational Han women are and their decisions are usually made based on the rational side.

Tuesday, November 26, 2019

Capital Punishment, Tommy Douglas Essays

Capital Punishment, Tommy Douglas Essays Capital Punishment, Tommy Douglas Paper Capital Punishment, Tommy Douglas Paper Navi Sahsi 1740495 English 102 Section 143 Colleen Irwin March 14/11 Tommy Douglas’ â€Å"Capital Punishment† focuses on the negatives aspects of the death sentence in Canada. â€Å"I am in favour of the motion to abolish capital punishment and I am also supporting the amendment to put it on a five-year trial basis† (Tommy Douglas 558). Being a person who lives abroad in the public with millions of others, I must say I disagree with Douglas’ argument as to abolishing the punishment, as I feel having capital punishment would indefinitely reduce the murder rate in our country as well as deter criminals from even having slightest thought of committing a murder in the first place. Also, the notwithstanding clause (Section 33) in our legal system which states the government can override a number of our personal freedoms is an obvious bump in our legal system; which apparently has abolished capital punishment although the system still seems to have enough power to have someone sentenced to death even if it is indirect. Capital punishment is a very important tool in our criminal justice system today. There are various reasons it should be reinstated in Canada and remain in effect in places where it still takes place. There is undeniable proof that it is in fact a deterrent in committing crimes. â€Å"How capital punishment affects murder rates can be explained through general deterrence theory, which supposes that increasing the risk of apprehension and punishment for crime deters individuals from committing crime. Nobel laureate Gary S. Beckers seminal 1968 study of the economics of crime assumed that individuals respond to the costs and benefits of committing crime. According to deterrence theory, criminals are no different from law-abiding people. Criminals rationally maximize their own self-interest subject to constraints (prices, incomes) that they face in the marketplace and elsewhere† (David Muhlhausen 2009). One of the most basic human instincts that we have is self-preservation. This is defined as â€Å"the wish to stay alive and protect yourself from things that might hurt you† (Dictionary. com). Knowing that murdering someone will cost you your own life in return certainly violates the definition of preserving one self. Capital punishment has been used since the beginning of man kind to deter and punish the most heinous crimes committed by some of the most dangerous and hardened criminals. All countries around the world, view capital punishment as a way to give criminals what they deserve and to rid the world of the people who have the distorted mental state of mind to murder. People who protest and argue the laws on capital punishment don’t realize that these ruthless criminals being put to death would kill the very same people protesting to keep them alive in an instant without hesitation. Perhaps solitary confinement over long periods of time instead of death may be a reasonable alternative but definitely would not make as much an impact as the penalty of death on people who commit these horrid crimes all around the world. â€Å"Using a panel data set of over 3,000 counties from 1977 to 1996, Professors Hashem Dezhbakhsh, Paul R. Rubin, and Joanna M. Shepherd of Emory University found that each execution, on average, results in 18 fewer murders. †(Muhlhausen 2009). At the least, sentancing should be conditional, meaning I agree with Tommy Douglas’ statement in the fact that there should be a 5 year trial if needed, but in addition, to avoid wrongful convictions, a person may only be sentenced to death if a certain amount of physical evidence is found against him, instead of taking the word of witnesses and perhaps loved ones of the deceased who obviously would prefer the suspect be killed, as this has proven faulty in the past. Most wrongful convictions, according to one analysis, result from mistakes by witnesses or witness perjury, the negligence of prosecutors, or errors in forensic science. Canada has seen too many innocents condemned to hanging in the past and life imprisonment in the present -for capital punishment to make a comeback in the twenty-first century† (Ray Argyle 2010). The fact that so many people had been wrongfully convicted before the abolishment of the law shows that there were obviously flaws in past legal s ystem in terms of evidence and unveiling of the truth. The last point I want to make is about the not withstanding clause which we have in Canada. This law allows government to override our rights from section 1-15 in the charter. These include our personal freedoms as well as the rights to avoid cruel and unusual punishments by the government. The point being, in special cases where someone commits a serious offence in the United States, although he may be arrested in Canada, he can be intentionally sent to America to be tried. In August 2003, it heard the case of Roger Judge, a man who had escaped from prison and, in June of that year, had fled to Ste-Anne-des-Plaines, Quebec. Judge had been convicted of two counts of first degree murder and possession of an instrument of crime. Here the Canadian government had agreed to extradition without first seeking assurances that he would not receive the death penalty (Andrew Thompson). † So although the government has abolished the law it is not completely out of reach to have one killed indirectly if necessary Support for mandatory death falls of rapidly as the seriousness of the murder diminishes under law; only 13% want mandatory execution when a citizen is intentionally killed(non-capital murder) where as only 4% see a passionate killing(2nd degree) as deserving a death sentence† (David Chandler 45). Perhaps the large difference in opinion among the general public is why the law has simply been abolished. After all, abolishing it seems was the easy way out, even though some considered capital punishment was the easy way out, as simply killing a killer seemed the fastest and most logical thing to do. Or perhaps it is because a death sentence results in 2-3 times more money spent by tax payers due to legal fees as a death row convict is on average in a continues legal battle for 15-20 years. â€Å"Judges, attorneys, court reporters, clerks, and court facilities all require a substantial investment by the taxpayers (Joe Messerli 2010). † Whether it’s to do with the decrease/increase murder rate, the notwithstanding clause, or the money from tax payers it requires, capital punishment seems to be illogical in the eyes of the majority of the public in Canada so it has been abolished, but perhaps one day we will realize the benefits of it. After all the golden rule in many schools and universities of the civilized world is â€Å"Treat others how you want to be treated,† and killing others is simply something criminals need to realize is not tolerable and the only way to force them into having empathy for others is simply by the death of their fellow murderers. Essays: Douglas, Tommy. â€Å"Capital Punishment. † Steps to Writing Well with Additional Readings: Classic and Contemporary Reading Supplement. Eds. Jean Wyrick and Sarika P. Bose. Toronto: Nelson (2005): 558-62 Online Articles: Argyle, Ray. â€Å"Reasonable Doubts. Canada’s History; Vol. 90 (2010/11): 34-39 Muhlhausen, David B. The Death Penalty Should Not Be Abolished. Crime and Criminals. Ed. James D. Torr. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2009. Opposing Viewpoints. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. Messerli, Joe. â€Å" balancedpolitics. org/death_penalty. html† Scholarly Sources: Chandler, David. â€Å"Capital Punishment in Canada. † The Carlton Library. Eds. Michael Gnarowski. Toronto: McClelland and Stewert Ltd (1976) Thompson, Andrew S. â€Å"Uneasy Abolitionists: Canada, the Death Penalty, and the Importance of International Norms (1962-2005). †

Saturday, November 23, 2019

How to Make Napalm B - Chemical Synthesis of Gelled Sol

How to Make Napalm B - Chemical Synthesis of Gelled Sol Napalm is the name given to any jellied form of gasoline or other flammable petroleum. It is used for circumstances where the liquid is too hard to apply or else wont stay where it is placed.  Napalm B, more usually just called napalm, is an example of a gelled sol. This easy napalm synthesis is an interesting introduction to sols and gels. Materials 35 g polystyrene (e.g., Styrofoam or other polystyrene foam, used for insulated cups and packing peanuts)100 ml gasolinematches or a lighter Procedure Break the polystyrene into small chunks. Sometimes you can find polystyrene foam beads, which will work fine without any additional processing.Pour 100 ml of gasoline into a glass container, such as a 250 ml beaker. Any similar-size glass container is fine.Stir in the polystyrene, a little at a time. The polystyrene foam will fizz and seem to dissolve, although this really is the formation of the gelled sol.When all of the polystyrene has been added, there should be no remaining liquid gasoline. The glass container will contain a semi-rigid sol. Observations and Experimentation with Napalm and the Gelled Sol In an outdoor location, away from heat or flame, invert the container of gelled sol. Notice that it will resist flowing out of the container. Although the sol is a liquid, it behaves like a solid in that it maintains its form.If the sol does not fall out of the glass container, gently tap it to dislodge it. Note the characteristics of Napalm B that make it a gelled sol.On a fire-safe surface, ignite the napalm. If you like, compare the combustion of napalm with the combustion of 100 ml of gasoline. Safety This project is best performed outdoors since gasoline vapors are volatile and toxic. Wear protective goggles and gloves to protect yourself from the splashing of the liquid. Use care when igniting the napalm. Its advisable to have a fire extinguisher handy. This project is intended for mature chemistry students. Keep all materials away from children and pets. Reference: Robert Bruce Thompson, Illustrated Guide to Home Chemistry Experiments All Lab, No Lecture (2008) OReilly, pp. 326-329.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Violent On Media and Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Violent On Media and Technology - Essay Example Research has shown that there are three major impacts on children: First, children become emotionally immune to the pain of others; Second, children cultivate a fear about their surroundings, and third, children tend to develop aggressiveness and can tend to harm others (APA). A different perspective is needed in order to extract a sense of reality out of films and movies. This evil element has also been spreading to various forms of media such as magazines and playstations (Fedorov, 57). The current generation of children can imbibe unethical behaviour from the lessons they acquire from the media and consider such behavior as normal. A more subtle approach towards portraying these vices is necessary to secure a bright future for children (Kotrla, 51). The harmful information that media is conveying is adversely shaping the society and negatively influencing the psychology of children. A majority of the children will grow up with their behaviours getting influenced by the lessons they acquire from the media (Felson, 104). According to a 15 year long survey conducted by University of Michigan, aggressive and violent behaviour in children caused by watching TV can continue in their adulthood. In another 17 year long survey it was found that violent acts are more common in teenage boys who have watched excessive TV than those who have not (Boyse, 2010). Ever since media has been synonymous with providing information, entertainment or education in realistic fashion, there have been numerous laws and regulations in the United States that protect and govern the media -- movie makers in the United States have been subjected to court room battles to retain the identity and originality of their films for depicting sex and violence (Meganck, 50). Measures should include indicating viewership of violent and sexual materials in the media to be approached by users according to their age. It will help to reduce the number of youth with access to media that can

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Paraphrase Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 14

Paraphrase - Essay Example pattern presents another similar scenario where the aim is to present the items, the services according to the needs, liking and taste of the superiors. The female here in a figurative manner is guided about the requirements expected against her existence and duties to appease the officials. Further, there is a clear talk of bias and non professional like and dislike in the work place. All this is further strengthened by the claims and findings in various forms. These include the findings from the surveys undertaken in the year 2010. These reveal that gender oriented promotions and decisions were in practice. Further, declining trends are seen in terms of women coming forth from the urban parts of the society. The declining rate is nearly up to 16 percent. Peoples university of Beijing revealed that interview short listing trends are largely defined by the gender and the women have a relatively large chance in terms of appointment and getting through. While the gender inequality may be part of any society, in Chinese account the new year festival organized further specified the problem at hand and how it is prevailing in the Chinese

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Radiation Exposure Essay Example for Free

Radiation Exposure Essay Radiation Exposure Do you know much radiation you are exposed to everyday? Many people are not aware of the radiation levels around them on a daily basis. I believe that exposure to radiation should be minimal. I think protection and prevention is vital. Being aware of the health risks and what can be done to protect yourself should be a well known piece of knowledge. If followed, this knowledge can help reduce radiation exposure levels. Exposure to radiation is higher today than it has ever been before according to Alice Park. Radiation is around you constantly, every day. Radiation has a greater resence when an individual flies on an airplane, smokes cigarettes, receives x-rays, watches television, and uses the microwave. Although not all radiation exposure can be controlled, radiation from x-rays can be kept at a minimum. Radiologic technologists are very careful about how much radiation that the patient has absorbed and what kind of radiation they are exposed to. Gamma ray radiation is the most powerful and damaging of all the radiation particles. Alpha and Beta particles are much weaker and not as harmful. Take for example the Computed Tomography Scan (C. T. scan). A C. T. scan emits gamma rays in large doses. The amount of adiation that an individual is exposed to can be compared to 400 dental x-rays or five-one hour flights. Gamma ray radiation is not what you would want to be openly exposed to. Gamma rays can cause damage over time. I believe protection and prevention of radiation exposure should be a top priority. A commonly asked question about radiation exposure deals with the health risks. Are there any health risks? Take for example aspirin. There are risks for taking aspirin if you take too much. Likewise, radiation when given out in large doses increases health risks. One type of radiation called ionizing radiation can change the structure f the cells in your body according to the Health Physics Society. By changing the structure of the cells in the body, changes in the tissue can occur. This can lead to your cells not being able to reproduce themselves or the cells can start to produce too much. The main structure found in the cell that can be damaged by radiation exposure is the DNA. This structure is one of the most important because it contains our genetic makeup. DNA has the ability to repair minor damage. If DNA is repeatedly damaged by being exposed to radiation, the cell will die. This may seem to be of no importance if a few cells are killed by radiation. However, if these damaged cells are in the vital organs that keep us alive, that organ might not function properly. Of course the effects of radiation exposure are different for each individual. These effects depend on the type of radiation, how you are exposed to it, and our own genetic makeup. Still, a more important question arises due to radiation exposure. Who are at risk for being exposed to radiation? As a general fact cells and tissues that are developing are more affected when radiation interacts with them. The Health Physics Society explains that children are more sensitive to radiation than adults because theyre still n a growing stage. The developing stage is crucial. If you add radiation to this other words, the cells will not do their Jobs. Protection for children from excessive amounts of radiation exposure really became more important to me. No parent wants any child to suffer the harmful effects of radiation exposure. Adults also can have similar effects on themselves if theyre not careful. Protection from radiation from a machine is the best thing to do for children so they wont be harmed. With all the unavoidable radiation and particles around us, what can be done to protect ourselves from exposure? According to the Environmental Protection Agency, there are three basic radiation protection concepts. First, how much time are we being exposed to radiation? Radiation exposure increases as more time is spent near the source of radiation. So, the less time you are exposed the better off you will be. Second, how much distance from the radiation source should there be? The farther away an individual is from the source of radiation, the less they are exposed to it. Distance depends on the size and activity of the radiation being administered. For example, gamma rays travel long distances, while alpha and beta particles dont ravel very far. So, the greater the distance, the less radiation you will be exposed to. Finally, shielding is the last protection concept. Shielding is having something that will absorb radiation between you and the particles or rays of radiation. The amount of shielding depends on the kind of radiation that you are exposed to. For example, an individual who receives gamma ray radiation requires thick, dense shielding such as lead. The higher the gamma ray that one is being exposed to, the thicker the lead protective wear must be. Alpha particles are very weak, but still require some protection. In this case only a thin piece of material, like paper or light clothing is necessary. Beta particles are a little stronger than alpha particles. Beta particles require thicker protection, like heavy clothing. The heavy clothing protects the skin from possibly being burned. Knowing what kind of radiation an individual will be exposed to ahead of time can help to protect oneself against radiation exposure. Most people with common sense would argue several factors against radiation exposure. One of the counter arguments would be what are the levels of radiation people are exposed to on a daily basis. Most people would say that the average amount of radiation exposure is minimal and would not require protection. Over time this builds up and that we could prevent a lot of the exposure we take in. Other people may say that because of minimal exposure we do not protection, but knowing the risks of exposure can help lead to prevention. Another point that can be argued is that most people may already know the risks of radiation and are attempting to limit or prevent radiation exposure. Exposure to radiation happens on a daily basis. By taking the proper steps one can insure that exposure to radiation stays at a minimum. I believe that minimal exposure to radiation is the way to go.

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex (the King) and Seneca’s Oedipus Essay -- compar

Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex (the King) and Seneca’s Oedipus    Contrary to Sophocles’ Oedipus that was written to the Greeks, a peaceful and wise audience, Seneca’s Oedipus was written to the Romans, a militaristic and violent community.   Seneca successfully appeals to the elements of Roman literature; therefore, Edith Hamilton in The Roman Way calls him the â€Å"Father of sentimental drama.†Ã‚   Seneca wrote the play in around 50 AD about 480 years after Sophocles’ production.   The Roman audience responded to a melodramatic plot rather than the tragic theme of the former Oedipus.   Seneca, in rewriting the play Oedipus makes significant adjustments to suit the Roman audience, particularly plot and style changes. Melodrama in this sense (compared to tragedy) draws forth more of an emotional, pitiful reaction and any evidence of fear is removed; on the contrary, the emotion of pity is exaggerated and stressed.   The Greek wisdom and their capability to see beauty in all life created a desire for tragedy which draws forth reactions of both pity and fear; according to the Greeks, tragedy portrays mankind at his finest, standing tall among suffering and capable of heroism by overcoming evil.   Edith Hamilton in The Roman Way says, â€Å" . . . the unfamiliar and the extraordinary were on the whole repellent to them (the Greeks) and they detested every form of exaggeration.†Ã‚   She goes on to say, â€Å"Greek tragedy had no appeal as the Romans understood the words.†Ã‚   The Romans viewed life as cheap, almost worthless; therefore, to appeal to this audience, Seneca made fate seem merciless, while Sophocles suggested a tragic flaw, indicating the partial fault of the character. The plot of Sophocles’ and Seneca’s Oedipus are much the same.   Oedipus... ...d concentration on fate, Seneca appeals to the vicious Roman audience he writes to, as opposed to Sophocles’ pensive Greek audience.   The Roman audience desired more violent literature, and responded to the concept that fate and predestination were inescapable, while the Greek audience defined tragedy, including a tragic flaw of the character, as mankind at his best because the character becomes wise.   Seneca in rewriting the original Oedipus tragedy, removes any indication of fear, completely concentrating on the emotion of pity.   While Sophocles’ Oedipus can be called Greek tragedy, Seneca’s Oedipus exaggerates pity and disgust and must be classified as melodrama.   Instead of arousing pity and fear from the audience, Seneca uses plot and style changes and simply appeals to the emotion of pity to adhere to his Roman audience.               

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Single Parents Raise Successful Children

Webb 1 Debra Webb Composition II Brian Wilson 26 March, 2013 Annotated Bibliography Acock, Alan C, and David H. Demo. Family Diversity and Well Being. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications, 1994. Print. These two authors of this book conduct interviews with different types of family diversities. It shares the proper development of children with two parents that cooperate with each other for their child’s fullest development. This book will be used to show childrearing patterns, problems and solutions for parents. Blackstone-Ford, Jann A, and Sharyl Jupe.Good Behavior after a Divorce or Separation. Chicago: Chicago Review Group, 2004. Print. Jann Blackstone-Ford and Sharyl Jupe discuss divorced parents with joint custody, stepfamilies, and interpersonal conflicts. This information will be used to show that children’s emotional health depends on their parents’ relationships. Webb 2 Lamb, Micael E. Nontraditional Families. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlb aum Publishers and Associates, 1982. Print. Michael Lamb explains the conflicts between work and family roles that are unsatisfactory.It offers parents the means to maintain and improve the quality of their lives and their children’s. I will use it to prove that families must realize this is a responsibility that they share jointly. Nazario, Thomas, A. In Defense of Children. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons and Macmillan Publishing Company, 1988. Print. This book represents the efforts of a lawyer, a social worker, pediatrician, and a teacher in the attempt to provide parents and professionals with what’s needed for rearing children properly as a traditional family.It will show what protections children need and what responsibilities are expected of the parents. Pollock, Linda. â€Å"A Lasting Relationship. † Parents and Children over Three Centuries. Hanover, New England: University Press of New England, 1987. 174-182. Print. Linda Pollock speaks of ho w parents neglect their duties in bringing up their children. Parents often neglect their children by being alcoholics, drug addicts, or workaholics. This will be a good piece to prove the most likely outcome of children who are left alone daily without supervision.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

In Defense of Food Essay

In the book, In Defense of Food: An Eater’s Manifesto, author Michael Pollan commences his tale with a few straightforward words: â€Å"Eat food. Not too much. Mostly plants†. In his introduction, An Eater’s Manifesto, Pollan discusses how the dietetic wisdom that was passed down from older generations has been heavily tainted by â€Å"nutritional science and food industry marketing† (Pollan, 2008). The first volume of the book entitled, The Age of Nutritionism†, delves into this problem and helps uncover the cause of today’s â€Å"nutritional confusion and anxiety† (Pollan, 2008). Nowadays, it is not uncommon to have â€Å"edible foodlike substances† displayed in every aisle of the grocery store with all products promoting some kind of nutritional benefit from their consumption. These dietary facts are often modified to showcase dietary benefits that are barely present in the food product, if present at all. With such prevalent misinformation, today’s society has become so overly concerned with nutrient enriched food that people have either forgotten or are unaware of the importance of the fundamentals. Pollan further explains that humanity has become â€Å"a nation of orthorexics† meaning that people have developed â€Å"an unhealthy obsession with healthy eating† centred on the theory of nutritionism (Pollan, 2008). Chronic diseases that have the highest death rate such as obesity, coronary heart disease, diabetes, stroke, and cancer, can be attributed to the â€Å"Western diet† which consists of â€Å"highly processed foods and refined grains; the use of chemicals to raise plants and animals in huge monocultures; the superabundance of cheap calories of sugar and fat produced by modern agriculture; and the narrowing of the biological diversity of the human diet to a tiny handful of staple crops, notably wheat, corn, and soy† (Pollan, 2008). In the second volume entitled â€Å"The Western Diet and the diseases of Civilization†, Pollan analyzes the shift in eating habits of today versus those since the discovery of agriculture and the industrialization of food. In the third and final volume entitled, â€Å"Getting over Nutritionism†, Pollan offers helpful recommendations to healthy eating and living. These simple, easy-to-follow tips are intended to: educate society on the dangers of misleading information from food industries and medical communities; and to steer people away from the Western Diet and back to the traditional ways of preparing and consuming food. Pollan suggests for people to refrain from shopping at supermarkets and choose local farmers markets instead. However, for those with no other option, he recommends they only shop from the peripherals of the store. Some other advice that Pollan offers is to â€Å"eat mostly plants, especially leaves†, â€Å"eat like an omnivore† and â€Å"be the kind of person that takes supplements† (Pollan, 2008). He also states that people who â€Å"eat according to the rules of a traditional food culture are generally much healthier than people eating a contemporary Western diet†. This analysis is focused on the cultural traditions of food consumption where â€Å"eating is deeply rooted in nature – in human biology on one side and in the natural world on the other† (Pollan, 2008). People around the world have different relationships with food and eating. Pollan suggests that how different cultures eat plays a large role in what different cultures eat. He further proposes that American society, nowadays, has become a culture heavily focused on quantity and price rather than quality. Society has become so fixated on â€Å"low-fat† or â€Å"low-carb† options that they have failed to realize the true underlying issue of overeating. The distinction between price and quality is often the deciding factor for most American families. As a result Pollan recommends purchasing quality foods in smaller portions thus developing the pay more, eat less ideology. I found that this book provided tremendously eye-opening content. This book offers an insightful perspective surrounding the relationship between people and food; proposes how society, in particular the American culture, can start choosing healthier food options that enable us to live healthy and enjoyable lives; while bringing back the joy of eating and preparing food. I found his analysis of the history of nutritionism, the science behind what to eat and why, to be extremely informative. In particular, when Pollan discusses how the food industry develops food products heavily focused around the latest â€Å"fad† diets or so-called nutritional needs of society, it was enlightening to read his perspective as I often purchase items such as low-fat margarine over regular butter. It is outrageous that the food industry fought for many years to get the â€Å"imitation rule† removed and when modified was allowed to state â€Å"that as long as an imitation product was not â€Å"nutritionally inferior† to the natural food it sought to impersonate [and] had the same quantities of recognized nutrients—the imitation could be marketed without using the word [imitation]† (Pollan, 2008). By keeping consumers misinformed about such imperative factors that impact to our daily diets has contributed to society’s vast health issues. Moreover, the discussion about the differences between culture and food habits resonated with me because while I have lived in either England or Canada my entire life, my family lineage is from India. With this real-life example, I believe that Pollan is correct to assume the â€Å"certain cultures that consumed traditional diets based mostly on plants had strikingly low rates of chronic diseases† (Pollan, 2008). Nowadays, a large portion of Westernized societies base their food choices on price and quantity over quality; so-called nutritional content geared towards weight management than overall well-being; and convenience. According to Marion Nestle, author of Food Politics, â€Å"in advertising and on supermarket shelves, [there is] fierce competition [in the food industry] for our food dollars† (Nestle, 2008). She states that the Westernized food industry is â€Å"food politics in action: watered-down government dietary advice, schools pushing soft drinks, diet supplements promoted as if they were First Amendment rights. When it comes to the mass production and consumption of food, strategic decisions are driven by economics—not science, not common sense, and certainly not health† (Nestle, 2008). The role of innovation in sustainable development should focus on more â€Å"agriculture-based methods [of food production] that have been shown to prevent food waste, help resist climate change, and promote urban farming† (Nestle, 2008). What is most important is to provide innovative products and services that are centered on humanity and that meet the needs of the consumer. Pollan does an excellent job at analyzing the problem and developing solutions based on the needs of society, particularly in America. The solution here is to revert back to the traditional way of consuming and purchasing food: local food grown by local people. Pollan encourages that people become members of a Community-Supported Agriculture (CSA) program or shop for fresh produce at their local farmers markets. This local food movement enables new and soon to be farmers to provide â€Å"environmentally sustainable agriculture [while] supporting their local community and growing food that directly connects them to the consumer† (Collins, 2011). On the business perspective, CSA’s are part of â€Å"the Small Farm Movement that is growing across Europe and North America† and farmers start off by selling their products at â€Å"local farmers’ markets to test out what products the consumer is looking for, followed by building clientele and launching into a CSA† (Collins, 2011). In order for CSA’s to succeed as a sustainable innovation, farmers must understand the importance of truthful marketing and fostering relationships with their customers as the most important part of the business model. References 1) Pollan, M. (2008). In Defense of Food: An Eater’s Manifesto. Retrieved from: http://ebookbrowse. com/michael-pollan-in-defense-of-food-an-eater-s-manifesto-pdf-d341084275 2) Nestle, M. (2008). Food Politics. Retrieved from: http://www. foodpolitics. com/food-politics-how-the-food-industry-influences-nutrition-and-health/ 3) Collins, D. (2011). Community Supported Agriculture – A Unique Business Model. Retrieved from: http://www. omafra. gov. on. ca/english/crops/organic/news/2008-12a2. htm.

Thursday, November 7, 2019

Free Will Essays - Free Will, Determinism, Causality, Free Essays

Free Will Essays - Free Will, Determinism, Causality, Free Essays Free Will Do I have Free Will? After considering the evidence for the three views I have concluded that soft determinism is best supported. I will be arguing for soft determinism with evidence presented in the class readings. I will start out with the evidence of unconscious motivation. It is the unconscious that forces us to act out things we think are justifiable but can actually be hurtful. With the three factors of our unconscious state, the ID, super-ego and the unconscious ego, we tend to be in a tug-of-war with our mind over who has control. With the mind being in the unconscious state we tend to make compromises in our actions. With the unconscious working, we have the freedom of free will. Once the ID is in action it puts its demands in the table and wants satisfaction while the super-ego denies the wish. We need our unconscious to mediate between the two forces otherwise our mind would be in a constant battle. Another argument for the point would be of moral responsibility. According to Hospers we have none. We are conditioned from birth with qualities of our personality, social standing and attitudes. Most people are so set on their ways that unconsciously they block out rational thought and act on what they have been programmed to do. In the unconscious state we are just bystanders to our neurosis which is always in control and has already been unconsciously determined. If most of our acts are compelled then we have no means of true freedom. Now let us look at free acts versus unfree acts. First, we should have a definition of both: free acts are caused at that moment by internal states whereas unfree acts occur due to outside forces. A true Libertarian believes that there is no cause for anything, that everything happens as the self decides while a Determinist believes everything happens due to some outside force. The soft determinist has the right idea, that all acts are necessitated by previous causes. There are some free acts and there are some unfree acts. We need both of these forces to guide us through life. If we go through life without worrying about a single thing then I believe that this life has been wasted, that we have just been going through some routine only to get by and then move on to something better which has been determined for us somehow. We need free acts thrown into the mix so we have some reason for living. Right now I am acting out of free will in a way, I am writing this paper. You might say i t is an unfree act because it is an assignment but I can choose not to do it. My free act is that I want to learn more by exploring this subject so I can apply myself to better things. In soft determinism we also need some unfree acts. Just this past weekend after the snow storm I was pulling into the parking lot and pulled into the space, knowing very well that I buried my car in 8 inches of fresh snow. This event was caused by the huge amount of snow we got and that the lot wasn't plowed. Since it was not my choice to get my car stuck in the snow, this is an example of an unfee act. While most things are determined for us it is that little free agent that keeps us going. The evidence for Libertarianism is less persuasive than Determinism and Soft Determinism. First of all the argument for the inner standpoint is very unpersuasive. This is trying to show that determinism is false, which is entirely impossible. The argument is that you cannot look at things from an outer standpoint, that a determinist tries looking at it as through a different, or wrong, point of view and when they discover that it is not there then they their beliefs don't exist anymore. Also, that moral freedom is an inner act is hard to comprehend. It is said that the act must be one of which the person judged can be regarded as the sole author. He can be held morally responsible for

Tuesday, November 5, 2019

Answers to Common Questions About Making Slime

Answers to Common Questions About Making Slime Here are answers to common questions about making slime, concerning slime ingredients, coloring slime, and storing slime: Making Translucent or Opaque Slime Basically, your slime will be about as transparent as the glue you use to make it. If you use white school glue, then your slime will be opaque. If you use translucent clear or blue glue gel (or another see-through color), then your slime will be translucent. Mixing Slime Solutions in Advance You can prepare the borax and glue solutions days or weeks before actually making the slime. How to Color Slime If your glue is tinted, then your slime will be colored. You can mix food coloring in with either slime-making solution. You can also add glitter or other decorations. Slime's Shelf Life Slime doesnt go bad, but you might want to toss it if it develops mold or dries out. Refrigerated slime, kept in a sealable plastic bag, should last for a couple of weeks, though even unrefrigerated bags have lasted much longer.

Sunday, November 3, 2019

Teenage pregnacies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Teenage pregnacies - Research Paper Example According to Melbye et al. (1997) there is an elevated risk of Breast Cancer associated with abortion. In conclusion, although it may be the case that abortion is a moralistically complicated issue it may serve as a valuable tool in the fight to break the cycle of poverty. The direct costs of raising a child are extremely high, and raising a child for young mothers may also mean that they would have to forgo educational opportunities that may bring a more successful future. Bielski, Z. (May 26th 2010) Canada’s teen Birth and Abortion Rate Drops by 36.9%. The Globe and Mail. [online] Available at http://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/canadas-teen-birth-and-abortion-rate-drops-by-369-per-cent/article1581673/ Accessed on March 26th 2011. Fu, H.; Darroch, J.; Stanley, D.; Kolb. E; & Kolb, H. (1998) Measuring the Extent of Abortion Underreporting in the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth. Family Planning Perspectives. Vol. 30, No.3. PP. 128-138. Kerzinke, K. (2003) 30 Years After Abortion Ruling, New Trends but the Old Debate. New York Times [online] Available at http://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/20/us/30-years-after-abortion-ruling-new-trends-but-the-old-debate.html Accessed on March 26th 2011. Melbye, M,; Wohlfahrt, J.; Olsen, J.; Frisch, M.; Westergaard, T.; Helwig-Larson, K.; Anderson, P. (January 9th 1997) Induced Abortion and the Risk of Breast Cancer. The New England Journal of Medicine. Vol. 336 No.2. Smith, G. & Pell, J. (June 4th 2001) Teenage pregnancy and risk of adverse perinatal outcomes associated with first and second births: population based retrospective cohort study. British Medical Journal. University of Cambridge, Rosie Hospital. Cambridge CB2 2SW Stein, R. (2010) Has the Recession Affected Abortion? The Washington Post. [online] Available at http://voices.washingtonpost.com/checkup/2010/05/has_the_recession_affected_abo.html

Thursday, October 31, 2019

STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONAL THEORY CHAPTER 10 Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONAL THEORY CHAPTER 10 - Article Example Merton studied social phenomena by studying the meanings people attach to their actions, using the methodological approach, structural-functionalism which was in vogue in the 1930s. Merton maintained that structural-functionalism is predicated upon three assumptions. The first assumption is that social systems are self-regulating and tend towards a state of equilibrium. The second assumption is that every social practice contributes to the survival of the social system to which it belongs. The third assumption is that every social practice is indispensible just as the brain and the heart are to human beings. On the converse, Merton made postulation that the degree of integration in a social system is an empirical variable and can vary from institution or society or time to the next. Merton also contended that social practices are not really functional for the entire cultural or social system. Merton also questioned the idea of universal functionalism, as the assumption that every social practice fulfills vital functions in ensuring the survival of a system. Merton also disputed the concept of indispensability, as the concept that every social practice is indispensible because it executes necessary function. To draw the proper functions of an organization, Merton drew the distinction between manifest and latent functions. With the former, he meant to denote objective consequences which contribute to the adaptation of the system recognized by participants in a system. Latent functions in turn means objectives that are neither intended noir recognized correlatively. When discussing the structural causes of bureaucratic dysfunctions, Merton points out that the ideal type of bureaucratic arrangements achieves high extent of efficiency due to application of rules that are predetermined categories of cases that preclude the need to issue certain instructions for a given

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Economics Coursework - Macroeconomics, Unemployment and Inflation Essay - 1

Economics Coursework - Macroeconomics, Unemployment and Inflation - Essay Example Thousands of desperate persons from Zimbabwe are migrating to South Africa on a weekly basis. South African cannot support the load of many more people since their economy is not doing that well itself. The immigration authorities are deporting 3900 Zimbabwean every week (Wines, 2007). To put in perspective the effect the incredible inflation has on time value of money of the Zimbabwe currency a person that used to make $9 month in salary is now making $2 (Wines, 2007). A hyperinflation event causes great human suffering since people become desperate and frighten that from one day to another there money is losing 12% of value on a daily basis meaning that the next they might not be able to buy the primary necessity goods such as food and medicine. Hyperinflation is one of worst economic systems any economic system could face. In the 1980’s the Latin American country of Argentina in the 1980’suffered through a prolonged hyperinflation era which destroyed the economic system of this nation. The Zimbabwe crisis is even worst that what in Argentina since that nation was not living a sub-human levels of poverty such as the people of Zimbabwe were experiencing even prior that the economic chaos there are currently encountering. The current hyperinflation state of Zimbawe compares with some of the world cases of hyperinflation in the world history. Some of the most famous hyperinflation cases are illustrated in the table below: The graph below shows a comparative analysis of country with normal inflation, high inflation under normal parameters and hyperinflation. The average inflation in the European Union in 2006 was 3.1% and in Puerto Rico in 2007 was 11.6% (Completelandlord, 2007). The Zimbawe economic state is causing panic and as of right now has no immdiate solution. The root of the problem which is causing the chaotic state in terms of economic status and sociahumanistic effects in Zimbabwe include factors

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Congestive Heart Failure Introduction Of Patient Nursing Essay

Congestive Heart Failure Introduction Of Patient Nursing Essay This cases study was conducted on February 13th, 2012. This patient will be identified by the initials AH throughout this paper. AH is a 91-year-old Caucasian female. Her mood is as expected for her age and culture. This patient agreed to work with me during her hospital stay and continuation of follow up information after discharge. AH was admitted to the hospital on February 09th, 2012 onto the medical floor. This patient was brought into the emergency department by her son, DH, at approximately 9:00 a.m. on February 09, 2012. AH stated she had an increase of shortness of breath, weakness throughout her body, and her ankles were swollen. When asked about the history of these symptoms, AH stated these symptoms have been present since Sunday February 05, 2012. AH went into the doctors office in her hometown and was told to go into the emergency department at the hospital by the physician. On assessment at the emergency department, AH had a temperature of 96.9 degrees Fahrenheit, a pulse of 130 beats per minutes, respirations of 20 breaths per minute, blood pressure of 192 systolic over 105 diastolic, and a pain level of 0 out of 10 on the pain rating scale. Assessment findings were crackles, bilaterally with auscultation, a non-productive cough occasionally, irregular heart rate, 3+ pitting edema bilaterally in lower extremities from the knee down and in feet. This patient had a delayed capillary refill and neck vein distension. AH also had palpable pulses with upper extremity pulses being strong and lower extremity pulses being weak. This patient was admitted with congestive heart failure and atrial flutter with rapid ventricular response. This patient has a history of hypertension, arthritis, hard of hearing, occasional urinary tract inf ections and had a myocardial infarction in 1990. AH had two previous surgical procedures in her life. She has had a left hip replacement in 2006 and a right hip replacement in 2007. AH denies any significant family health history. She also denies any current use or history of alcohol consumption, tobacco use, or drug use. She is not on any supplemental oxygen at home. AH was able to state name, dose, and reason for home medications. These medications are Bumex water pill 1 MG orally taken daily, Clonidine blood pressure pill 0.1 MG orally taken three times a day, Metoprolol blood pressure pill 50MG orally taken daily, and Nitroglycerin for heart 2.5MG orally taken two times a day. I was able to do a total head to toe assessment on February 13, 2012. AH is 182.90 pounds, 60.00 inches tall, and has a body mass index of 35.72. AH is categorized as obese with this body mass index result. This patient is alert and oriented to person, place, and time. This patients pupils are equal, responsive, and reacts to light upon inspection. AH does have slight pitosis of the right upper eyelid. This patient does wear eyeglasses to read. Her total Glasgow Coma Scale is rated at a 15 out of 15. This is a perfect score and shows no impairments. This patient communicates verbally with no problems. AH has full movement in all four extremities and has intact circulation, movement, and sensation. When asked about history of falls, AH stated she had no current or past falls. Her skin is pink, warm, and dry without diaphoresis but has slight purplish discoloration bilaterally on shins from knee to ankle. When assessing AH respiratory status, she stated that she was not experiencing an y distress or shortness of breath currently but does experience this with exertion. AH is not on any supplemental oxygen. Her oxygen saturation was at 94% on room air. Upon auscultation this patients lungs were clear bilaterally in upper lobes and diminished bilaterally in lower lobes. Her respirations were at 16 breaths per minute. Her chest configuration is symmetrical. I did observe a weak non-productive cough occasionally during this assessment. During the cardiovascular assessment, apical pulse was 84 and her radial pulse was 80. This showed a pulse deficit of 4 beats per minute, which could be due to the irregular heartbeat (atrial flutter) with the rapid ventricular response. Patient was on telemetry to monitor for abnormalities during admission. S1 and S2 were heart upon auscultation. AH had a blood pressure of 167 systolic over 82 diastolic on her right upper extremity. AH did have distended neck veins upon inspection, which is a sign of congestive heart failure. AH denied any chest pain. This patient does not have any implanted cardiac defibrillator or pacemaker. This patients abdomen was soft and non-tender with bowel sounds active in all four quadrants. She is on a low sodium diet and states that she does follow the diet restrictions but when asked about exact amount of allowed sodium intake patient did not know. During her hospital stay AH was on a fluid restriction of 1.5 liters per 24 hours. Patient was able to adhere to fluid restriction but states she is on no fluid restriction at home. AH is continent of stool and urine but had Foley catheter in place per physician orders. AH is full weight bearing and has a steady gait but does use a walker for an assistive device while at the hospital. AH states she uses a wheelchair at home. AH has active range of motion and shows no limitations or discomfort within normal limits. AH was under no precautions or isolation. She had five different medications that I administered to her during her admission to the hospital that ranged from antibiotics, hypertension medications, to diuretics. These will be discussed individually in the following systems breakdowns. When asked about cancer screenings, AH denied any annual appointments. AH stated that she was not worried about this currently. AH also does not obtain influenza or pneumococcal vaccines annually and her last tetanus vaccine was unknown. From observation, this patients health promotion is low and patient may need education on importance to her health. When assessing this patients home life, AH stated she has never had any physical or emotional abuse. AH lives at home with her son DH. Her husband passed away several years ago so she arranged for her son to come live with her. DH provides transportation and assistance with activities of daily living for AH. She has a loving relationship with her son and he assists her with medical decisions. She states she is not afraid of her living situation. AH complied with medical regimen and asked questions when she was not sure of the situation. When asked about the history of her congestive heart failure and length of time she has been diagnose d, AH did not understand that she had congestive heart failure and did not know how long she has had this condition. She stated she would speak with her new physician. She will be set up with a new primary physician since she does not currently have one. With this information, this indicates an need for additional information about primary condition due to deficient knowledge stated by patient. Pathophysiology of Congestive Heart Failure The heart, blood vessels, and blood are components that make up the cardiovascular system. The pumping action of the heart consists of contraction and relaxation of the myocardial (muscle) layer of the heart. Each contraction and relaxation that occurs consists of one cardiac cycle. During diastole (relaxation), the ventricles fill with blood. Systole (ventricular contraction) then occurs, which propels the blood out of the ventricles and into the circulation. Cardiac performance can be calculated by measuring the cardiac output. Cardiac output is the amount of blood moving through either systemic or the pulmonary circuit per minute. (Huether McCance, 2008) Cardiac output is calculated by multiplying stroke volume (volume of blood ejected per beat during systole) and heart rate. The amount of blood a ventricle ejects during the cardiac cycle is called ejection fraction. Ejection fraction is calculated by stroke volume divided by end-diastolic volume (blood left in the blood after di astole). The normal ejection fraction is from 50%-70%. A decrease of ejection fraction is a hallmark sign of ventricular fraction, such as left-sided heart failure. The factors that determine cardiac output are preload, afterload, contractility, and heart rate. Preload is the volume and associated pressure generated in the ventricle at the end of diastole (ventricular end-diastolic volume). Preload is determined by the amount of venous return to the ventricle and the blood left in the ventricle after systole (end-systolic volume). Afterload is the resistance the heart has to overcome to eject blood from the left ventricle. Heart failure is a term for the inability of the heart to work effectively as a pump. It results from different acute and chronic cardiovascular problems. The major types of heart failure are left-sided heart failure, right-sided heart failure, and high-output heart failure. The focus of this case study will be on left sided heart failure. Most heart failure starts out with failure of the left ventricle and progresses to both ventricles failing. Typical causes of left-sided heart failure are hypertension, coronary artery, and valvular disease. Decreased tissue perfusion from poor cardiac output and pulmonary congestion indicate left ventricular failure. Left-sided heart failure is also known as congestive heart failure; however not all cases of left ventricular failure involve fluid accumulation. Left-sided heart failure can be further broke down to systolic heart failure and diastolic heart failure. (Ignatavicius Workman, 2010) Systolic heart failure happens when the heart is unable to contract forcefully enough during systole to eject sufficient amounts of blood into the circulation. Preload increases with decreased contractility, and afterload increases as a result of increased peripheral resistance in the vascular spaces (hypertension). The percentage of blood ejected from the heart during systole (ejection fraction) drops from the normal range (50%-70%) down to 40%. As this percentage decreases, tissue perfusion decreases and blood backs up into the pulmonary vessels. This creates symptoms of systemic and pulmonary congestion. Diastolic heart failure occurs when the left ventricle cannot relax enough during the rest period. When the ventricle cannot relax enough, stiffening of the ventricle occurs and prevents the ventricle from filling up with sufficient blood to ensure adequate cardiac output. This ventricle becomes less compliant because more pressure is needed to move the same amount of volume compa red to a healthy heart. (Ignatavicius Workman, 2010) When cardiac output is unable to meet the demands of the body, other areas of the body start to increase their workload to improve cardiac output. Theses mechanisms start off helping cardiac output increase but eventually have a damaging effect on the function of cardiac pumping. The compensatory mechanisms of heart failure are stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system, activation of the renin-angiotension system, release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, release of natriuretic peptides, release of vasopressin, and myocardial hypertrophy. (Ignatavicius Workman, 2010) These compensatory mechanisms will be discussed further in the appropriate body systems throughout this case study. There are many presenting signs and symptoms of heart failure that a patient may have. Signs and symptoms of left-sided heart failure are restlessness, confusion, orthopnea, tachycardia, dyspnea with exertion, fatigue, cyanosis, cough, crackles, wheezes, blood-tinged sputum, and tachypnea. AH has several of these problems. She has tachycardia, dyspnea with exertion, fatigue, orthopnea, occasional cough, tachypnea, and crackles heard with auscultation. These problems make AHs activities of daily living hard to perform at times. She does not use any supplemental oxygen during any of these times. AH is also showing signs and symptoms of right-sided heart failure that could indicate that her condition is progressing. These symptoms are distended jugular veins, and dependent edema. These symptoms of right-sided heart failure can be due to her history of a myocardial infarction, which could have caused the right ventricle to try and compensate for the increase in pulmonary circulation. Thi s leads to the right ventricle to dilate and begin to fail. This is the cause of the distended jugular veins and edema because the systemic venous circulation increases with the compensation of the right ventricle. Treatment of these symptoms is managed with the treatment of left-sided heart failure. (Huether McCance, 2008) There are several risk factors that put a patient at risk for heart failure. Common risk factors that put a patient at risk for heart failure are hypertension, coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, substance abuse with alcohol and tobacco use, dysrhythmias, cardiac infections and inflammations, diabetes mellitus, family history, obesity, and conditions such as hyperthyroidism. (Ignatavicius Workman, 2010) AH has several of these risk factors. She has a history of hypertension, obesity, atrial flutter (dysrhythmia), and past myocardial infarction. All of these have a negative affect on the cardiovascular system and lead to the worsening this patients heart failure. Lifestyle modifications can be made to decrease how some of these risk factors affect this patient. Dietary changes such as watching weight, low sodium, and balanced meals could reduce this patients obesity and hypertension. Also, adhering to medication regimen assists with controlling hypertension and removing retained water from the body. Chest x-rays can be helpful in the diagnosis of left ventricular failure. The problem with chest x-rays is that it may lag behind the clinical findings as much as 24 hours. You may see that the heart is enlarged (cardiomegaly) which can be due to hypertrophy and dilation. AH had a chest x-ray done on February 08, 2012. The reason this was done was because of dyspnea. Results obtained from physician were trachea midline, mild prominence of interstitial markings in bilateral lung fields without lobar consolidation, basilar atelectasis, elevated left hemidiaphragm, no evidence of pneumothorax or pleural effusion, mild cardiomegaly, ectatic aorta with vascular calcification and degenerative changes involving shoulder joints. Echocardiograms are considered the best tool in the diagnosis of heart failure. You can see changes in the valves, fluid accumulation in the pericardial space (pericardial effusion), chamber enlargement, and ventricular hypertrophy. This test can also determine eject ion fraction, which shows how bad the ventricular hypertrophy is decreasing the amount of blood ejected from that ventricle. An electrocardiogram may show ventricular hypertrophy, dysrhythmias such as atrial flutter with AH, and any degree of myocardial injury but is not helpful in determining the presence or extent of heart failure. (Ignatavicius Workman, 2010). This test would be helpful for this patient due to the fact of having a dysrhythmia and also have a past myocardial infarction. Laboratory assessments can also be helpful in diagnosis of heart failure. Electrolyte imbalances may occur from heart failure or because of side effects of medications, especially diuretics such as Bumex with AH. Regular assessments of sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and chloride, are obtained. Any impairment of renal function resulting from inadequate perfusion causes the patients blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine to be elevated and a decrease in creatinine clearance levels. A urinalysis can show if there is an increased amount of protein present in the urine and an elevated specific gravity due to the kidneys not adequately working. Hemoglobin and Hematocrit levels should be obtained to check to see if the heart failure is from anemia, which is a low level of red blood cells. This can be caused from the kidneys not creating enough erythropoietin, which regulates red blood cell production. B-Type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is used for diagnosing heart failure in patient s with dyspnea. An increase in BNP helps determine whether it is dyspnea from heart failure or lung dysfunction. Patients with atrial dysrhythmias and renal disease may also have elevated BNP levels. (Ignatavicius Workman, 2010) AH does have an atrial dysrhythmia (atrial flutter), which could cause an elevated BNP level even without the heart failure. Arterial blood gases could show if the patient is hypoxic due to the low oxygen level from fluid filled alveoli. Respiratory alkalosis could occur because of hyperventilation, respiratory acidosis could occur because of the carbon dioxide retention, and metabolic acidosis could be present from accumulation of lactic acid. (Ignatavicius Workman, 2010). AH did not have arterial blood gas values drawn to look at any abnormalities. TEST RANGE DATE: 02-08-12 DATE: 02-11-12 DATE: 02-13-12 WBC 5,000-10,000 mm3 8.89 mm3 10.00 mm3 RBC 4.2-6.1 X10 / g 4.70 5.11 HGB 11.5-17.5 g/dl 13.8 g/dl 14.8 g/dl HCT 40-52% 43.7% 46.8 % PLATELETS 150,000-400,000 mm3 194,000 mm3 207,000 mm3 NEUTROPHILS 55-70% 78.0% 78.8 % LYMPHOCYTES 20-40% 10.3% 9.5 % MONOCYTES 2-8% 8.7% 9.2 % EOSINOPHILS 1-4% 1.7% 1.5 % BASOPHILS 0.5-1.0% 1.3% 1.0 % SODIUM 135-145 mEq/L 142 mEq/L 138 mEq/L 13 mEq/L CHLORIDE 98-106 mEq/L 105 mEq/L 98 mEq/L 93 mEq/L POTASSIUM 3.5-5.0 mEq/L 5.5 mEq/L 5.0 mEq/L 4.2 mEq/L CO2 24-30 mEq/L 28 mEq/L 28 mEq/L 35 mEq/L MAGNESIUM 1.3-2.1 mEq/L 1.9 mEq/L CALCIUM 9.0-10.5 mg/dl 7.7 mg/dl 7.8 mg/dl 7.3 mg/dl BUN 10-20 mg/dl 45 mg/dl 68 mg/dl 68 mg/dl CREATININE 0.5-1.2 mg/dl 1.29 mg/dl 1.58 mg/dl 1.52 mg/dl GFR 39 37 39 GLUCOSE 70-110 mg/dl 108 mg/dl AST 0-35 U/L 47 U/L ALT 4-36 IU/L 112 IU/L BNP 952 361 TROPONIN I 0.10 0.07 Treatments for heart failure are a combination of pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic therapies. Treatment often focuses on a combination of afterload-reduction with angiotension-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, reduction of catecholamine surges with beta blockers, and preload reduction with diuretics. ACE inhibitors reduce the production of angiotension II, which is a potent vasoconstrictor, from angiotension I. This will allow the patients blood pressure to lower to a normal range by vasodilation and also prevents ventricular remodeling (alteration in the structure and function of the heart). These medications are recommended for all patients with heart failure with lowered systolic function. With these medications you need to monitor for adverse effects such as dry hacking cough, hypotension, and renal dysfunction. AH was given Lisinopril 10MG tab QD during her hospital admission. Beta blockers protect the heart from the harmful effects of norepinephrine and epinephrine which a re circulating neurohormones released as a compensatory mechanism. This is aimed to reverse ventricular remodeling. Beta blockers help reduce mortality when combined with ACE inhibitors. This combination is referred to as the cornerstone of heart failure treatment. AH was given Lopressor 100MG tab BID to inhibit beta 2 adrenorecpetors of bronchial and vascular smooth muscle. (Jones Bartlett, 2010). This medication helps lower blood pressure and relieve patient of symptoms of heart failure. Diuretics are a key aspect in the relief of dyspnea and signs of sodium and water retention. This helps reduce blood pressure by removing extra fluid in the circulation. Also, putting the patient on sodium restriction decreases the resistance of diuretics. These medications can also be the first line of treatment for older adults with heart failure and fluid overload. AH was administered Bumex 1MG tab BID. This is a loop diuretic, which means it inhibits reabsorption of sodium and chloride in the ascending Loop of Henle and enhances potassium excretion. (Jones Bartlett, 2010) With this medication you must monitor the patients labs to prevent hypokalemia. Another treatment option for heart failure is cardiac glycosides. These drugs increase intracellular calcium, which increases contraction of the heart. Their function results from an increased cardiac output by increasing the force of contraction of the heart. (Jones Bartlett, 2010). Digoxin was the cardiac glycoside administered to AH during her hospital admission. AH received 125MCG tab QD. Potential benefits of this medication are increased contractility, reduced heart rate, slowing of conduction through the atrioventricular node and inhibition of sympathetic activity while enhancing parasympathetic activity. (Ignatavicius Workman, 2010). Monitoring potassium levels is very important for this medication due to lower levels causing patients to be more sensitive to digoxin, which can cause digitalis toxicity. These sign s and symptoms are also vague and nonspecific and include; anorexia, fatigue, changes in mental status and dysrhythmias. Watch for a loss of the P wave on an electrocardiogram. Also, you must monitor apical pulse and heart rhythm on these patients. You must make sure the heart rate is above 60 beats per minute. Any drug that increases the workload of the heart will also increase its oxygen demand. Patients should be monitored for chest pain while taking digoxin. Non-pharmacological interventions for heart failure are ventilation assistance, energy management, and nutrition therapy. Ventilation assistance is an important aspect of treatment for heart failure patients. This allows the patient to have adequate oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange in the lungs. Depending on the patients oxygen saturation and dyspnea, they may need supplemental oxygen prescribed by the physician. Positioning the patient in a high Fowlers position, and keeping the head of the bed elevated over 45 degrees will minimize respiratory efforts. AH did not receive supplemental oxygen, but maintained adequate ventilation by sitting in a bed side chair most of the time during her admission. She was unable to sleep in the hospital bed due to complaints of orthopnea so she also needed to sleep in the chair. (Ignatavicius Workman, 2010) Energy management will help prevent fatigue and perform activities of daily living to the best of their ability. Steps to take to promote ener gy management is monitor patient response to activity, determine patients physical limitations, encourage alternate rest and activity periods, arrange physical activities to reduce competition for oxygen supply to vital body functions, encourage physical activity, monitor patients oxygen response, and teach patient techniques of self-care that will minimize oxygen consumption. (Ignatavicius Workman, 2010) AH was able to ambulate to the bathroom when needed, but was unable to ambulate larger distances. She maintained adequate oxygenation with adequate rest periods when she became short of breath. AH is able to identify when these rest periods need to be taken on her own. Nutrition therapy is also a key aspect in the treatment of heart failure. This treatment targets sodium reduction and water retention. Physicians may prescribe sodium restrictions to decrease fluid retention. Since sodium follows water, a decrease in sodium allows for a decrease in retained water. AH was on a sodium restricted diet but was unable to state the exact amount of allowed daily sodium. All she could state was that she was not allowed to add extra salt to meals. Some patients are also placed on fluid restrictions. This allows for the body to excrete retained fluid in the body without having work harder with additional fluid intake. The restriction depends on the patient and the extent of the heart failure. AH was put on fluid restrictions by her physician. She was allowed 1.5 liters of fluid per 24 hours. AH was able to comply with this restriction. Assistive personnel need to be accurate in measuring intake and output for these patients. Weighing these patients daily is a key factor for heart failure. This allows seeing if the patient is retaining extra fluid which could cause congestion and result in worsened heart failure. 1 kilogram of weight gain or loss equals 1 liter of retained or lost fluid. The same scale should be used everyday at the same time of day (morning) wearing close to the same amount of clothing for the most accurate assessment of weight. (Ignatavicius Workman, 2010) Cardiovascular The heart, blood vessels, and blood all make up the cardiovascular system. The hearts pumps the blood through a network of blood vessels and delivers oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients to the cells and tissues of the body. This circulatory system also removes waste products of cellular metabolism. (Huether McCance, 2008). The blood is carried away from the heart by arteries that branch into capillaries and provide the body with all the nutrients needed to properly function. Veins carry the blood from the capillaries throughout the body back to the heart where the system starts the process over. Since AH has congestive heart failure (as described above), hypertension, atrial flutter, and previous myocardial infarction, her cardiovascular system is greatly affected. One compensatory mechanism that occurs in the cardiovascular system due to congestive heart failure is myocardial hypertrophy. This is enlargement of the myocardium and can be with or without dilation of the chamber. The heart walls thicken to provide more muscle mass. This results in more forceful contractions. This further increases cardiac output. Often a hypertrophied heart is slightly oxygen deprived. All the compensatory mechanisms contribute to an increase in consumption of myocardial oxygen. When the demand for oxygen increases, and the reserve of the myocardium has been exhausted, manifestations of heart failure develop. AH has a history of hypertension. Hypertension is a consistent elevation of systemic arterial blood pressure. It is defined as a sustained systolic blood pressure of 140 mm Hg or greater systolic pressure or a diastolic pressure of 90 mm Hg or greater. (Huether McCance, 2008) There are four different classifications of hypertension. These are normal, prehypertension, stage 1 hypertension, and stage 2 hypertension. AH is categorized in stage 2 hypertension with her systolic blood pressure ranging around 167 mm Hg. This stage of hypertension puts her at risk for damage to target organs such as her brain, kidneys, and heart. Since systolic hypertension is the most significant factor causing target organ damage, this puts AH at an even higher risk. AH also has an elevated diastolic blood pressure ranging around 82 mm Hg. She would be categorized as prehypertension with this value. When a patient has hypertension both by systolic and diastolic measurements, they are diagnosed with primar y hypertension. A specific cause for primary hypertension has not been identified but it is found that a combination of environmental and genetic factors can be the cause of development. Factors associated with primary hypertension are family history, advancing age, gender (more common in women after age 55), black race, high dietary sodium intake, glucose intolerance, cigarette smoking, obesity, heavy alcohol consumption, and low dietary intake of potassium, calcium, and magnesium. (Huether McCance, 2008) AH has several of these factors which are a family history of hypertension, advancing age, female gender, obesity, and poor nutritional status. Many of these factors are also risk factors for other cardiovascular disorders. With AH, the history of myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure all accumulate to poor cardiovascular effects. Pathophysiologic mechanisms mediate these effects that include; the sympathetic nervous system, the renin-angiotension aldosterone system, and natriuretic peptides. The systemic arterial pressure is made up of cardiac output and total peripheral vascular resistance. Total peripheral vascular resistance is the resistance of blood flow in systemic blood vessels. Cardiac output is determined by multiplying stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume is the amount of blood ejected by the ventricle with each beat of the heart. Control of peripheral vascular resistance (dilation or constriction) is controlled by the autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic) and circulating hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine). Any factor that affects peripheral vascular resistance, heart rate, or stroke volume affects systemic arterial pressure, which affects the patients blood pressure. If all increase, blood pressure will increase. If all decrease, blood pressure will decrease. Four control systems play a major role in maintaining blood pressure; the arterial baroreceptor system, regulation of body fluid volume, the renin-angiotension aldosterone system and vascular autoregulation. The arterial baroreceptors monitor the arterial pressure and counteract a rise in arterial pressure by mediated cardiac slowing and vasodilation. (Ignatavicius Workman, 2010) Changes in fluid volume and renin-angiotension aldosterone system will be discussed further in the renal system. Patients with hypertension are often asymptomatic, however patients may have headaches, dizziness, fainting, facial flushing. AH had no complaints of any of these symptoms, but I did observe facial flushing. AH stated that she has had blood pressure issues for quite some time now. AH is on several medications to help assist the body in lowering her blood pressure. She is taking Lopressor 100 MG tab BID (beta blocker), Digoxin 125 MCG tab QD (cardiac glycoside), Lisinopril 10 MG tab QD (angiotension converting enzyme inhibitor) and also Bumex (loop diuretic). All of these medication help lower her blood pressure which will decrease the workload of the heart which assists in compensating in the effects of her congestive heart failure. Atrial flutter is a rapid depolarization occurring at a rate of 250 to 350 times per minute. This rapid depolarization is caused from the electrical current circulating in a small circle within the atria instead of moving from one end to the other. This current travels in a circle because conduction is slowed due to heart damage and the myocardial cells are unable to activate. (Huether McCance, 2008). This is considered a supraventricular tachycardia due to the fact that it is above the ventricle. The atrioventricular node (between the right atrium and right ventricle) in the heart blocks the number of impulses that reach the ventricles as a protective mechanism. (Ignatavicius Workman, 2010). Atrial flutter has many causes but two causes that are related to AH are ischemic heart disease (myocardial infarction), and heart failure. Symptoms are palpitations, weakness, fatigue, shortness of breath, nervousness, anxiety, syncope, angina, and signs of heart failure. AH has several of th ese symptoms but they also could be due to her heart failure. The patient with a normal ventricular rate is usually asymptomatic. Due to her left ventricle conducting at a slower rate, she is at risk for having these symptoms. With these